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) for grasslands, crop, forest and savanna ecosystems. Appendix 1 includes the list of papers in which the CENTURY model has been used to simulate ecosystem dynamics for different ecosystems. We have provided copies of four of the papers that describe the theoretical basis for the CENTURY model and examples where the model was used to simulate the ecosystem dynamics and compared with observed field data. This document will describe 1) the theoretical basis and overall structure of the model, 2) the procedures used to set up and run the model for a specific site, and 3) the process used to adjust model parameters for best fit representation of site specific ecosystem dynamics. 1.2. CENTURY Model Description The CENTURY model represents plant growth, nutrient cycling, and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics for grassland, agricultural, forest, and savanna systems (Figure 1-1). The savanna system simulates the growth of trees and grasses (crop growth can also be represented) separately and includes competition for light, nutrients and water. The model was developed with the bias that growth of cropland, grassland and forest systems can be increased by adding soil nutrients. The model structure reflects this bias with the soil nutrient cycling and soil organic matter dynamics being represented in great detail, while plant growth is represented using relatively simple submodels. The soil organic matter and nutrient submodels represent the flow of C, N, P and S in plant litter and different organic and inorganic soil pools, with mineralization of soil nutrients primarily resulting from turnover of soil organic matter pools. The plant production model calculates plant production and allocation of nutrients to live aboveground and belowground compartments as a function of climatic factors and available soil nutrients. 1 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 The model uses a monthly time step.

The structure represents a model set up to operate with NLAYER set to 5. 52 The pools and flows of carbon in the CENTURY model. The diagram shows the major factors which control the flows. 53 The pools and flows of nitrogen in the CENTURY model. The diagram shows the major factors which control the flows 54 The pools and flows of phosphorus in the CENTURY model. The diagram shows the major factors which control the flows. 55 The pools and flows of sulphur in the CENTURY model. The diagram shows the major factors which control the flows. 56 Figure 7-4 Figure 7-5 Figure 7-6 Figure 7-7 iii 2 4 5 6 7 9 11 12 15 iv CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 1. CENTURY Model Overview 1.1. Introduction This document presents information about the monthly version of the CENTURY Model (Version 4.0). We will also present an overview about the status on the DAYCENT model which simulates plant-soil systems using a daily time step. The DAYCENT model is capable of simulating detailed daily soil water and temperature dynamics and trace gas fluxes (CH4, N2O, NOx and N2) which are not simulated in CENTURY Version 4.0. The CENTURY model is a generalized plant-soil ecosystem model that simulates plant production, soil carbon dynamics, soil nutrient dynamics, and soil water and temperature. The model has been used to simulate ecosystem dynamics for all of the major ecosystems in the world and has been used for the dominant cropland and agroecosystems. The model results have been compared to observed plant production, soil carbon, and soil nutrient data for the most common global natural and managed ecosystems. The model has been used to simulate the response of these ecosystems to changes in environmental driving variables (i.e. maximum and minimum air temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 levels) and changes in the management practices (grazing intensity, forest clearing practices, burning frequency, fertilizer rates, crop cultivation practices, etc.

The decomposition rate of structural litter is also a function of the fraction of the structural material that is lignin (lower for higher fractions) and the lignin fraction of plant material is assumed to flow directly to slow SOM as plant structural material decomposes. The model also assumes that the fraction of the passive pool formed during the decomposition of active and slow SOM increases with clay content. The net effect of the soil texture controls on decomposition of active and slow SOM is to increase soil carbon stabilization for soils with low sand content and high clay content. A through description of the CENTURY SOM model and justification for the approach used in the model are presented by Parton et al. (1994). The CENTURY model has N (Figure 1-4) and P (Figure 1-5) pools that are analogous to all of the soil carbon pools. The amount of N and P flowing out of a particular pools is equal to the product of the carbon flow out of the pool and the carbon to the element ratio of the pool. A similar approach is used to calculate the flow of different elements into a specific pool but the carbon to element ratio of the receiving pool is a function of the labile inorganic mineral nutrient concentration. Low levels of available nutrients result in high C to element ratios for the different pools. Each pool has an allowable carbon to element ratio. The C:N ratios of the SOM pools are narrow (5-20) compared to the C:P ratios (100 to 400). Mineralization (release of nutrients from SOM) or immobilization of N and P (uptake of nutrients by SOM) occurs as a result of decomposition of dead plant material and the SOM 4 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 fractions. Immobilization of nutrients into SOM generally occurs during the decomposition of structural plant material (high C:element ratio material), while mineralization of nutrients occurs as a result of decomposition of active and slow SOM (low C:element ratio material).

The nutrient content of structural material is quite low and nutrients are immobilized into microbial biomass during decomposition of structural material, while slow and active SOM have high nutrient contents and release nutrients (mineralize) while they are being decomposed. A complete description of the soil nutrient model is presented by Parton et al. (1988). 5 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 6 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 7 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 8 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 9 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 1.4. Soil Water and Temperature Model The CENTURY model uses a simplified water budget model to calculate monthly bare soil evaporation, interception and transpiration water loss, stored soil water, snow water content, stream flow and saturated water flow between soil layers (Figure 1-6). Interception and bare soil water loss are calculated as fractions of the monthly precipitation and are subtracted from monthly precipitation before the water is added to the soil. Bare soil water loss is a function of aboveground biomass (decreasing with increasing biomass), while interception water loss increases with increasing aboveground biomass. Transpiration water increases as a function of live leaf biomass. Water loss occurs first as interception, followed by bare soil water loss and transpiration with the sum not exceeding the potential evapotranspiration (PET) water loss (PET is calculated as a function of maximum and minimum air temperature). Precipitation in excess of PET is stored in soil water layers by adding the water to the top layer. Near surface average soil temperature (STEMP) is used to calculate the abiotic decomposition rate and the temperature effect on plant growth. STEMP is calculated using equations where the maximum soil temperature is a function of maximum air temperature and the canopy biomass (lower for high biomass) and the minimum soil temperature is a function of minimum air temperature and canopy biomass (higher for high biomass).

The major input variables include: 1) monthly precipitation, 2) monthly average maximum and minimum air temperature, 3) soil texture, 4) lignin, N, S, and P content of plant material and 5) soil and atmospheric N inputs. This paper presents a description of the model, the method used to test and validate the model, and a summary of the application of the model for an environmental impact assessment. Figure 1-1 shows that the major structural components of the CENTURY model are the plant production, soil organic matter, and the soil water and temperature submodels. The plant production submodel calculates potential plant production and nutrient demand as a function of monthly average soil temperature and precipitation, reduces plant production based on available soil nutrients and allocates new C, N, and P to the different live plant compartments. The monthly soil water flow model calculates water balance, soil water storage, soil water drainage and stream flow, while monthly average soil temperature is calculated as a function of aboveground plant biomass. Monthly precipitation, stored soil water, and soil temperature control the rate of decomposition of the soil organic matter pools and the release of nutrients from the SOM pools. The soil organic matter submodel simulates the dynamics of carbon and soil nutrients for the different SOM pools. Decomposition of the SOM pools results in the release of soil nutrients from the SOM pools which is then available for plant uptake. Dead plant material from the plant production submodel flows into the surface and belowground litter pools, which are inputs to the SOM model. 2 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 3 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 1.3. Soil Organic Matter Model The soil organic matter model simulates SOM dynamics for soil active, slow and passive pools, while dead litter material is represented using aboveground and belowground structural and metabolic pools (Figure 1-2).

The active pool (approximately 2% of the total SOM pool) includes soil microbes and microbial products with short turnover times (1-3 months). The slow SOM pool (45 to 60% of total soil SOM) includes resistant plant material derived from structural plant material and stabilized soil microbial products that have turnover times ranging from 10 to 50 years depending on the climate. The passive pool (45 to 50% of total SOM) includes physically and chemically stabilized SOM that is very resistant to decomposition (turnover times from 400 to 4000 years). The structural material includes cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin fraction of plant material (resistant to decomposition), while the metabolic material is readily decomposable. Plant litter material is split into structural and metabolic material as a function of the lignin to nitrogen ratio (L:N) of the litter (more structural with higher L:N ratios). The CENTURY model assumes that decomposition of plant residues and the SOM pools is microbially-mediated with an associated microbial respiration CO2 loss. Microbial respiration losses from decomposition of active SOM increase with the soil sand content (from 30 to 80% as sand content increases to 90%), while microbial respiration losses are approximately 50% for decomposition of all of the other litter and SOM pools. Each of the litter and soil SOM pools have pool specific maximum decomposition rates with the maximum rate being reduced by an abiotic soil decomposition factor that is controlled by the soil moisture and soil temperature (Figure 1-3). The soil temperature function increases exponentially with increasing temperature, while the soil moisture function increases as the ratio of stored water plus current rainfall to potential evapotranspiration increases (the curve is most sensitive to changes in the ratio below 0.6).

Both submodels assume that monthly maximum production is controlled by soil moisture and temperature with maximum rates decreased if soil nutrients supply is insufficient (the most limiting nutrient controls production). Plant nutrient uptake is a function of live root biomass with uptake increasing as live root biomass increases up to 300 grams per square meter. A complete description of the parameterization of the model for different plant systems and the use of the different management option is presented in the CENTURY User Manual (Metherell et al. 1994). 12 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 13 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 14 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 1.6. Use and Testing of the CENTURY Model Extensive data sets from long-term agricultural experiments and grasslands have been used to test the CENTURY model. We used the observed data to test the model and as a tool for integrating and interpreting the data sets. Plant production and soils data from extensive tropical and temperate grasslands around the world (Parton et al. 1993, Gilmanov et al. 1998) show that the model correctly simulated the effects of burning, irrigation, fertilization, and grazing on plant production and the seasonal patterns for live and dead biomass. The model has been used to simulate the long-term (30-60 year) dynamics of soil organic matter and plant production for corn, winter and spring wheat systems in Australia (Carter et al. 1993, Probert et al. 1997), Canada (Liang et al. 1996), Sweden (Paustian et al. 1992), and sites in Oregon and Nebraska (Metherell et al. 1994, Parton and Rasmussen 1994). The grassland model has been used to simulate the impact of climate change and increased atmospheric CO2 levels on grasslands around the world (Parton et al. 1995) with a detailed analysis for the US Great Plains region (Burke et al. 1991, Schimel et al. 1990).

The combined effect of future environmental change and improved land use practices on soil carbon storage and plant production has been evaluated for the US Corn Belt (Donigian et al. 1995), while Paustian et al. (1996) have used CENTURY to evaluate soil carbon storage in the US resulting from the conservation reserve program. The model has also been used to simulate ecosystem dynamics at the 0.5 x 0.5 degree scale for global ecosystems (Schimel et al. 1996). We are currently developing a daily version of the model (Parton et al. 1998) which simulates all of the ecosystem dynamics using more mechanistic soil water and temperature submodels and also simulates daily trace gas fluxes (N2O, N2, NOx and CH4). 15 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 1.7. DAYCENT Model Description DAYCENT (Parton et al. 1998, DelGrosso et al. 2001, Kelly et al. 2000) is the daily time step version of the CENTURY ecosystem model. Simulation of trace gas fluxes through soils requires finer time scale resolution because a large proportion of total gas fluxes are often the result of short term rainfall, snow melt or irrigation events and the processes that result in trace gas emissions often respond non-linerly to changes in soil water levels. DAYCENT and CENTURY both simulate exchanges of carbon and the nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) among the atmosphere, soil, and plants and use identical files to simulate plant growth and events such as fire, grazing, cultivation, harvest, and organic matter or fertilizer additions. In addition to modeling decomposition, nutrient flow, soil water and soil temperature on a finer time scale than CENTURY, DAYCENT also uses increased spatial resolution for soil layers. DAYCENT includes submodels for plant productivity, decomposition of dead plant material and SOM, soil water and temperature dynamics, and trace gas fluxes (Figure 1-9). 16 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 17 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 2.

Downloading and Installing the PC Version of CENTURY The PC standalone version of the CENTURY model and a Windows Help file version of the CENTURY manual can be downloaded from the CENTURY homepage: using a browser application such as Internet Explorer or Netscape. Select the Download PC Century button on the CENTURY homepage. This will take you to an ftp download site where you will see the files cent40.exe and README. To download the files right click on the file icon and select the Copy to Folder option from the popup menu to save the file on your system. Or you can download the PC standalone version of the CENTURY model and the CENTURY manual via anonymous ftp. Use the cd command to change to the directory into which you wish to download the downloaded files. Once you have located the cent40.exe file select the Run button to start the installation process and follow the instructions on the screen. The README file can be viewed using Windows Notepad and contains additional information about the installation file. Do not include an extension on the name. For example, if you want to run the c3grs.sch schedule file and store the results in a file named test.bin you would enter the following at the command line: century -s c3grs -n test The installation also includes two Windows Help files. One is the complete text of the CENTURY User's Manual. The other contains information about the CENTURY input parameters and output variables. 19 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 3. CENTURY, Associated Files, and Utility Programs The CENTURY environment (Figure 3-1) consists of the CENTURY model and three utility programs, FILE100, EVENT100, and LIST100. The FILE100 program assists the user in creating and updating any of the twelve data files used by CENTURY. The EVENT100 program creates the scheduling file which contains the vegetation types and events that are to occur during the simulation.

The LIST100 program extracts selected output variables from the CENTURY binary output file and creates an ASCII listing of the variables values for the output intervals specified in the schedule file. This listing can be viewed using any text editor or imported into a spreadsheet application for examination and graphing. The CENTURY model obtains input values by reading up to twelve data files. Each file contains a certain subset of variables; for example, the cult.100 file contains the values related to cultivation. Within each file there may be multiple options in which the parameters are defined for multiple variations of the event. For example, within the cult.100 file, there may be several cultivation options defined such as plowing or rodweeder. For each option, the parameters are defined to simulate that particular option. These files can be updated and new options created through the FILE100 program. The files crop.100, cult.100, fert.100, fire.100, graz.100, harv.100, irri.100, omad.100, tree.100, and trem.100 can have one or many options in the file. The option from the file that will be used in your model run depends on the option abbreviation used in the schedule file. The CENTURY Parameterization Workbook is a supplement to the CENTURY User’s Manual. The workbook is designed to lead you through the full parameterization of CENTURY for a particular site, adjusting the appropriate parameters that control short-term and long-term behavior. The goal is to help you work through the maze of parameters and understand how they can be estimated from real-world data. You can modify the input parameter values for a given curve, for example the temperature growth curve, and see how the parameter values you have selected effect the shape of the curve as computed by the CENTURY model. 24 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 Decide what types of events you want to simulate. For example, do you want to include fire in your simulation of the system. Is the system tilled.

Do you want to simulate grazing. What type of harvest is conducted. How many cm of water are added through irrigation. How much and what type of organic amendment is added (manure, fish meal, green manure). Is your system flooded at any point during the year? Etc. Now decide the order and duration of the events and create a schedule file for your simulation. 25 CENTURY Tutorial January 2001 5. Running CENTURY and its Utility Programs The PC version of CENTURY and its utility programs must be run from a DOS box in Windows 9x or Windows NT. Use the cd command to change to the directory where you CENTURY files are located. For example, when you open the DOS box you will most likely be in the Windows directory and the DOS prompt will show C:\WINDOWS, to change to the root directory enter the following command at the DOS prompt: cd. You should now be in the root directory. In most cases the DOS prompt should now read C:\. If you used the default CENTURY installation the CENTURY files will be in the C:\century directory. To get to the CENTURY directory enter this command at the DOS prompt: cd century If the command has executed successfully the DOS prompt will show C:\CENTURY. Use the dir command ensure that you are in the correct directory. This utility also provides parameter definitions, units, and valid values or ranges. To run FILE100 enter: file100 and follow the on screen menus. Adding an option will allow the user to choose an existing option to copy, and then allow the user to enter a new abbreviation and new values for the new option. Changing an option will allow the user to change the abbreviation or any of the values associated with that option. Deleting an option will completely remove the option from the.100 file. Comparing shows the differences between options in the.100 file. Each of these actions is described in more detail in the following sections.